by Anya Links
In the first part, we looked at a few, but definitive and important definitions of plagiarism. Preventing and minimising incidents of plagiarism in the Namibian publishing industry will protect authors' copyright to their original ideas and work, and creators' intellectual property rights.
In the second part, we take a look at different types of plagiarism.
1. Verbatim (word for word) quotation without clear acknowledgement
Quoting a source of an idea or information word for word (verbatim) requires either quotation marks ('') or indentation ''with full referencing of the sources'' quoted, as per Oxford university. It must be clear to the reader which parts are the author's independent, original work and which parts are sourced from elsewhere.
2. Copy, cut, and paste from the Internet without clear acknowledgement
Information sourced from the Internet must be properly referenced and included in a work's bibliography. Failure to do so is an egregious form of plagiarism.
3. Paraphrase
Plagiarism via paraphrasing entails changing the word order and / or sentence structure, or closely following the structure of someone else's argument, ideas, and work without acknowledging the author or creator of the argument, idea or work you are using. Do not create the misleading impression that paraphrased wording or a sequence of ideas are your own when they are not.
4. Collusion
Plagiarism via collusion entails unacknowledged and / or unauthorised collaboration on a work and failure to attribute assistance received towards the creation and production of a work. For example, if five (5) people colluded to create a work that should have been done by one (1), and their collaboration is unacknowledged or unmentioned, it qualifies as plagiarism via collusion.
5. Inaccurate citation
Plagiarism via incorrect citation entails not citing a source correctly, not listing sources in the bibliography, and not using footnotes to indicate the origin of quoted passages and / or texts. It is also unethical to include sources in the bibliography that were not consulted during the creation of a work.
6. Failure to acknowledge assistance
Plagiarism via unacknowledged assistance occurs when all and / or any assistance received during, and towards, the creation of a work is not acknowledged. In adult fiction (AF), authors are required to acknowledge everyone who contributed to the successful production of a work (see ''acknowledgements'' pages in novels). Acknowledgements do not relate to the technical aspects of publishing, such as editing, layout, and proofreading, but to the author's creative process, such as impacts on their approach, the content, guidance received, and changes in perspective.
7. Use of material written by professional agencies and / or other persons
Plagiarism via the use of professional agencies and / or other persons, with or without their consent, is plagiarism, and not original work. Work created, written, and produced by someone else, for you, is plagiarism. The definition of original work is clear that work must be independently (unaided) produced in order to be considered original.
8. Auto-plagiarism
All and any work published on social media platforms qualify as having been published and may, therefore, not be submitted as original work (in full, or partial). Publishers are interested in original work, only.
At Nossob Press all of the above are regarded as legitimate, and disqualifying, forms of plagiarism that contribute to eroding the integrity of the Namibian publishing industry and, sadly, the quality of local publications.
References:
1. University of Oxford, Plagiarism: https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism
2. Royalty-free image from DepositPhotos.
3. Nossob Press, Part I: Plagiarism: https://nossobpress.blogspot.com/2023/10/part-1-against-plagiarism.html
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